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��˿������Ƶ-��˿������Ƶ Professor Bruce Gjeltema delivers a presentation on ��˿������Ƶ’s history of migration at El Morro Theatre Aug. 6, 2023.

"This history defines this town"

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��˿������Ƶ-��˿������Ƶ professors share ��˿������Ƶ's history of migration, forced removals, and the myth of resistance

By Richard Reyes, Friday, Sept. 29, 2023

GALLUP, N.M. — Two professors from The University of New Mexico-��˿������Ƶ delivered presentations on ��˿������Ƶ’s migration history at El Morro Theatre Aug. 22 in conjunction with the “World on the Move” exhibit sponsored locally by the City of ��˿������Ƶ’s Octavia Fellin Public Library and Rex Museum.

“Today’s ��˿������Ƶ is completely predicated on stories of migration – of people moving here for economic or political gain, of people moving on because of a lack of opportunity, of people being forced out of town, and of people reacting to the potential, sometimes fictitious movement of people,” Mingus said.

"World on the Move"

Octavia Fellin Public Library Director Tammi Moe invited Gjeltema and Mingus to give presentations at El Morro Theatre to coincide with the traveling exhibition “World on the Move: 250,000 Years of Human Migration,” which was featured at the Rex Museum from mid-July to mid-August.

The ��˿������Ƶ-��˿������Ƶ presentations at El Morro, entitled “Moving To and Through ��˿������Ƶ: Stories of Migration,” were part of the library’s local programming in conjunction with the exhibition.

“This is very exciting for me to have both Dr. Mingus and Dr. Gjeltema here to share with us today the history of migration to and through ��˿������Ƶ,” Moe said. “Dr. Gjeltema is an American history specialist and Dr. Mingus is a European history specialist. Both are widely published and award-winning professors, and I just really thank them for taking the time to come out today. I’m really looking forward to hearing what we’re about to hear.”

‘I went through there once’

Gjeltema’s presentation primarily focused on the founding of ��˿������Ƶ and the broader early history of the region, which had long been part of the expansive hunting grounds of the Zuni people and had been utilized by the Navajo people as part of their pastoral homeland between the four sacred mountains.

“This land is an invaded land, a land that was held by others before what we talk about being ��˿������Ƶ existed,” Gjeltema said.

He added that professionals later stepped of the railroad and made their homes in ��˿������Ƶ for a spell, but most did not stick it out. There were few who stayed and put down multi-generation roots plus others who helped establish the infrastructure for the growing population.

“The vast majority of people who darkened the doors of the town were travelers,” Gjeltema said. “If someone mentioned to these travelers the name of ��˿������Ƶ, New Mexico to them, they might reply like generations of people after them: ‘I went through there once.’”

The myth of resistance

While Gjeltema hinted at the coal mining strikes of the early 1910s and ‘20s when Mexican immigrants were brought in, Mingus delved deeper into the subject with talk of other forced relocations.

Mingus detailed how tensions between Mexican workers, union members, local business people and land owners ultimately led to the 1935 ��˿������Ƶ Riot, during which the sheriff and two people among the crowd were shot and killed outside the courthouse.

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, leading to the forced relocation and internment of more than 120,000 people of Japanese descent.

From that history, a false narrative emerged: ��˿������Ƶ resisted the order and refused to turn over its Japanese residents. This claim is untrue though, Mingus said. The order never even applied to New Mexico.

While many people of Japanese descent did call ��˿������Ƶ home and were generally treated well, this was common in most places in the U.S., he added.

‘This history defines this town’

Mingus also shared a few historical facts that contrasted the ��˿������Ƶ resistance myth.

He said ��˿������Ƶ complied with a presidential proclamation for Italian, German and Japanese residents to register at the local post office. Local law enforcement, under the supervision of the FBI, also raided the homes of Japanese residents and confiscated their guns in addition to other belongings.

Additionally, in 1942, the federal government asked New Mexican communities to accept 40,000-60,000 Nisei people. “Nisei” refers to second-generation Japanese-American citizens who were born in the United States. Mingus said that ��˿������Ƶ, along with Albuquerque and Santa Fe, opposed the relocation of Japanese-Americans into their communities.

Mingus concluded: “If we’re interested in continuing to make ��˿������Ƶ a diverse and welcoming community, the best way forward is to embrace solidarity, to acknowledge that regardless of how someone got here, they’re an important part of the continuous waves of migration that have made this place a wonderful and fascinating home for so many. That, I believe, is the only way to ensure that we will avoid repeating our past failings and that we will take actions today as a city that will make future ��˿������Ƶians proud of us.”